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POLI 277 MEASUREMENT THEORY
Third Assignment
Due 7 May 2008


  1. The aim of this problem is to show you how to use R to simulate a complex model of stimulus evaluation. The idea is that people use a simple mental model to compare two stimuli. The distinguishing features of the stimuli are assumed to be represented by dimensions in a simple geometric model. The stimuli are positioned on the dimensions according to the levels of the attributes represented by the dimensions. People are assumed to perceive the stimuli correctly with some random error. When asked to perform a stimulus comparison, people draw a momentary psychological value from a very tight error distribution around the locations of each of the stimuli. Their judgement of similarity is assumed to be an exponential function of the psychological distance between the two stimuli -- e-kd -- where d is the distance between the two momentary psychological values expressed as points in psychological space, and k is a scaling constant (see the figure below).



    What we are going to do is use a program to simulate this process and numerically compute the expected value of e-kd for 40 values of the true distance (from 0 to 2) between the true locations of the stimuli.

    Use the following R program below to do this experiment:

    Shepard-Ennis-Nofosky_1.r -- Program to test the Shepard-Ennis_Nofosky Model of Stimulus Comparison

    Here is what the program looks like:
    
    #
    #
    #  normal_2.r -- Test of Shepard_Ennis_Nofosky model of Stimulus
    #                Comparison
    #
    #   Exemplars have bivariate normal distributions.  One point is
    #      drawn from each distribution and the distance computed.  
    #      This distance is then exponentiated -- exp(-d) -- and
    #      this process is repeated m times to get a E[exp(-d)].
    #
    #   Note that when STDDEVX is set very low then this is equivalent
    #      to a legislator's ideal point so that the stimulus comparison
    #      is between the ideal point and the momentary draw from the
    #      Exemplar distribution.
    #
    #  Set Means and Standard Deviations of Two Bivariate Normal Distributions
    #
    #  Remove all objects just to be safe
    #
    rm(list=ls(all=TRUE))
    #
    STDDEVX <- .001                  Initialize Means and Standard
    STDDEVY <- .4                     Deviations of the Two Normal Distributions
    XMEAN <- 0
    YMEAN <- 0
    #
    #  Set Number of Draws to Get Expected Value
    #
    m <- 10000
    #
    #  Set Number of Points
    #
    n <- 40
    #
    #  Set Increment for Distance Between Two Bivariate Normal Distributions
    #
    XINC <- 0.05                    Note that n*XINC = 2.0
    #
    x <- NULL                       Initialize vectors
    y <- NULL 
    z <- NULL
    xdotval <- NULL
    ydotval <- NULL
    zdotval <- NULL
    iii <- 0
    while (iii <= n) {              ****Start of Outer Loop -- it Executes Until y has n=40 Entries
       x <- 0
       i <- 0
       iii <- iii + 1
       while (i <= m) {             ****Start of Inner Loop -- it Executes m=10000 Times
    #
    #  Draw points from the two bivariate normal distributions
    #              Draw two numbers randomly from Normal Distribution with Mean XMEAN and stnd. dev. of STDDEVX and put them in the vector xdotval
           xdotval <- c(rnorm(2,XMEAN,STDDEVX))  
           ydotval <- c(rnorm(2,YMEAN,STDDEVY))
    #              Draw two numbers randomly from Normal Distribution with Mean YMEAN and stnd. dev. of STDDEVY and put them in the vector ydotval
    #  Compute distance Between two randomly drawn points
    #              Calculate Euclidean Distance Between xdotval and ydotval
           zdotval <- sqrt((xdotval[1]-ydotval[1])**2 + (xdotval[2]-ydotval[2])**2)
    #
    #  Exponentiate the distance
    #
           zdotval <- exp(-zdotval)
    #
    #  Compute Expected Value
    #
           x <- x + zdotval/m  Store exp(-d) in x -- note the division by m so that x will contain
           i <- i + 1             the mean after m=10000 trials
       }                       ****End of Inner Loop
    #
    #  Store Expected Value and Distance Between Means of Two Distributions
    #
        y[iii] <- x
        z[iii] <- sqrt(2*YMEAN^2)
        YMEAN <- YMEAN + XINC      Increment YMEAN by .05
    }                              ****End of Outer Loop
    #
    #  The type="n" tells R to not display anything
    #
    plot(z,y,xlim=c(0,3),ylim=c(0,.7),type="n",
         main="",
         xlab="",
         ylab="",font=2)
    #
    #  Another Way of Doing the Title
    #
    title(main="Test of Shepard-Ennis-Nofosky, .001, .4\nTest of Ideal Point vs. Outcome Model")
    # Main title
    mtext("Test of Shepard-Ennis-Nofosky, .001, .4\nTest of Ideal Point vs. Outcome Model",side=3,line=1.00,cex=1.2,font=2)
    # x-axis title
    mtext("True Distance Between Stimuli",side=1,line=2.75,font=2,cex=1.2)
    # y-axis title
    mtext("Expected Value of Observed Similarity",side=2,line=2.75,font=2,cex=1.2)
    ##
    #  An Alternative Way to Plot the Points and the Lines
    #
    points(z,y,pch=16,col="blue",font=2)
    lines(z,y,lty=1,lwd=2,font=2,col="red")
    #
    The program will produce a graph that looks similar to this:



    1. Run the Program and turn in the resulting plot.

    2. Use Epsilon to change STDDEVX and STDDEVY in Shepard-Ennis-Nofosky_1.R, re-load it into R, and produce a plot like the above. For example, change STDDEVX to .1 and STDDEVY to .4 and re-run the program. Change the "title" each time to reflect the different values! Pick 3 pairs of reasonable values of STDDEVX and STDDEVY and produce plots for each experiment.

  2. The aim of this problem is to show you how to double-center a matrix in R and extract the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix. Use the R program below to do this exercise:

    Double_Center_Drive_Data.r -- Program to Double-Center a Matrix of Squared Distances
    #
    # double_center_drive_data.r -- Double-Center Program
    #
    # Data Must Be Transformed to Squared Distances Below
    #
    # ATLANTA      0000 2340 1084  715  481  826 1519 2252  662  641 2450
    # BOISE        2340 0000 2797 1789 2018 1661  891  908 2974 2480  680
    # BOSTON       1084 2797 0000  976  853 1868 2008 3130 1547  443 3160
    # CHICAGO       715 1789  976 0000  301  936 1017 2189 1386  696 2200
    # CINCINNATI    481 2018  853  301 0000  988 1245 2292 1143  498 2330
    # DALLAS        826 1661 1868  936  988 0000  797 1431 1394 1414 1720
    # DENVER       1519  891 2008 1017 1245  797 0000 1189 2126 1707 1290
    # LOS ANGELES  2252  908 3130 2189 2292 1431 1189 0000 2885 2754  370
    # MIAMI         662 2974 1547 1386 1143 1394 2126 2885 0000 1096 3110
    # WASHINGTON    641 2480  443  696  498 1414 1707 2754 1096 0000 2870
    # CASBS        2450  680 3160 2200 2330 1720 1290  370 3110 2870 0000
    #
    #  Remove all objects just to be safe
    #
    rm(list=ls(all=TRUE))
    #
    library(MASS)
    library(stats)
    #
    # 
    T <- matrix(scan("C:/ucsd_course/drive2.txt",0),ncol=11,byrow=TRUE)
    #
    nrow <- length(T[,1])
    ncol <- length(T[1,])
    #               Another way of entering names -- Note the space after the name
    names <- c("Atlanta ","Boise ","Boston ","Chicago ","Cincinnati ","Dallas ","Denver ",
               "Los Angeles ","Miami ","Washington ","CASBS ")
    #
    # pos -- a position specifier for the text. Values of 1, 2, 3 and 4, 
    # respectively indicate positions below, to the left of, above and 
    # to the right of the specified coordinates 
    #
    namepos <- rep(2,nrow)
    #
    TT <- rep(0,nrow*ncol)
    dim(TT) <- c(nrow,ncol)
    TTT <- rep(0,nrow*ncol)
    dim(TTT) <- c(nrow,ncol)
    #
    xrow <- NULL
    xcol <- NULL
    xcount <- NULL
    matrixmean <- 0
    matrixmean2 <- 0
    #
    # Transform the Matrix
    #
    i <- 0
    while (i < nrow) {
      i <- i + 1
      xcount[i] <- i          Ignore -- Just a diagnostic
      j <- 0
      while (j < ncol) {
         j <- j + 1
    #
    #  Square the Driving Distances
    #
         TT[i,j] <- (T[i,j]/1000)**2  Note the division by 1000 for scale purposes
    #
      }
    }
    #
    #  Put it Back in T
    #
    T <- TT
    TTT <- sqrt(TT)    This creates distances -- see below
    #
    #
    #  Call Double Center Routine From R Program 
    #     cmdscale(....) in stats library
    #     The Input data are DISTANCES!!!  Not Squared Distances!!
    #     Note that the R routine does not divide
    #     by -2.0
    #
    ndim <- 2
    #
    dcenter <- cmdscale(TTT,ndim, eig=FALSE,add=FALSE,x.ret=TRUE)
    #
    #  returns double-center matrix as dcenter$x if x.ret=TRUE
    #
    #  Do the Division by -2.0 Here
    #
    TTT <- (dcenter$x)/(-2.0)       Here is the Double-Centered Matrix
    #
    #
    #  Below is the old Long Method of Double-Centering
    #
    # Compute Row and Column Means
    #
    i <- 0
    while (i < nrow) {
      i <- i + 1
      xrow[i] <- mean(T[i,])
    }
    i <- 0
    while (i < ncol) {
      i <- i + 1
      xcol[i] <- mean(T[,i])
    }
    matrixmean <- mean(xcol)
    matrixmean2 <- mean(xrow)
    #
    # Double-Center the Matrix Using old Long Method
    #  Compute comparison as safety check
    #
    i <- 0
    while (i < nrow) {
      i <- i + 1
      j <- 0
      while (j < ncol) {
         j <- j + 1
         TT[i,j] <- (T[i,j]-xrow[i]-xcol[j]+matrixmean)/(-2)  This is the Double-Center Operation
      }
    }
    #  
    #  Run some checks to make sure everything is correct
    #
    xcheck <- sum(abs(TT-TTT))   This checks to see if both methods are the same numerically
    #
    #
    #  Perform Eigenvalue-Eigenvector Decomposition of Double-Centered Matrix
    #
    ev <- eigen(TT)
    #
    #  Find Point furthest from Center of Space
    #
    aaa <- sqrt(max((abs(ev$vec[,1]))**2 + (abs(ev$vec[,2]))**2))  These two commands do the same thing
    bbb <- sqrt(max(((ev$vec[,1]))**2 + ((ev$vec[,2]))**2))
    #
    #  Weight the Eigenvectors to Scale Space to Unit Circle
    #
    torgerson1 <- ev$vec[,1]*(1/aaa)*sqrt(ev$val[1])
    torgerson2 <- -ev$vec[,2]*(1/aaa)*sqrt(ev$val[2])  Note the Sign Flip
    #
    plot(torgerson1,torgerson2,type="n",asp=1,
           main="",
           xlab="",
           ylab="",
           xlim=c(-3.0,3.0),ylim=c(-3.0,3.0),font=2)
    points(torgerson1,torgerson2,pch=16,col="red",font=2)
    text(torgerson1,torgerson2,names,pos=namepos,offset=0.2,col="blue",font=2)  Experiment with the offset value
    #
    #
    # Main title
    mtext("Double-Centered Driving Distance Matrix \n Torgerson Coordinates",side=3,line=1.25,cex=1.5,font=2)
    # x-axis title
    mtext("West    ---    East",side=1,line=2.75,cex=1.2,font=2)
    # y-axis title
    mtext("South    ---    North",side=2,line=2.5,cex=1.2,font=2)
    #
    The program will produce a graph that looks similar to this:



    1. Run the Program and turn in the resulting plot.

    2. Change the values in "namepos" until you have a nice looking plot with no overlapping names and no names cut off by the margins and turn in the resulting plot.

    3. Use Epsilon to add a 12th city (you will have to get a driving atlas to do this) to Drive2.txt and call the matrix Drive3.txt. Modify the R program to read and plot the 12 by 12 driving distance matrix. Turn in Drive3.txt, the resulting plot, and the modified R program.

  3. In this problem we are going to analyze Eckman's famous color circle data. Use the R program below to do this exercise:

    Double_Center_Color_Circle.r -- Program to Double-Center a Matrix of Squared Distances
    #
    #
    # double_center_color_circle.r -- Double-Center Program
    #
    # Data Must Be Transformed to Squared Distances Below
    #
    #      **************** The Eckman Color Data *****************
    #
    # 434 INDIGO        100  86  42  42  18   6   7   4   2   7   9  12  13  16
    # 445 BLUE           86 100  50  44  22   9   7   7   2   4   7  11  13  14
    # 465                42  50 100  81  47  17  10   8   2   1   2   1   5   3
    # 472 BLUE-GREEN     42  44  81 100  54  25  10   9   2   1   0   1   2   4
    # 490                18  22  47  54 100  61  31  26   7   2   2   1   2   0
    # 504 GREEN           6   9  17  25  61 100  62  45  14   8   2   2   2   1
    # 537                 7   7  10  10  31  62 100  73  22  14   5   2   2   0
    # 555 YELLOW-GREEN    4   7   8   9  26  45  73 100  33  19   4   3   2   2
    # 584                 2   2   2   2   7  14  22  33 100  58  37  27  20  23
    # 600 YELLOW          7   4   1   1   2   8  14  19  58 100  74  50  41  28
    # 610                 9   7   2   0   2   2   5   4  37  74 100  76  62  55
    # 628 ORANGE-YELLOW  12  11   1   1   1   2   2   3  27  50  76 100  85  68
    # 651 ORANGE         13  13   5   2   2   2   2   2  20  41  62  85 100  76
    # 674 RED            16  14   3   4   0   1   0   2  23  28  55  68  76 100
    #
    #
    #  Remove all objects just to be safe
    #
    rm(list=ls(all=TRUE))
    #
    library(MASS)
    library(stats)
    #
    #
    rcx.file <- "c:/ucsd_course/color_circle.txt"
    #
    # Standard fields and their widths 
    #
    rcx.fields <- c("colorname","x1","x2","x3","x4","x5",
                       "x6","x7","x8","x9","x10","x11","x12","x13","x14") 
    rcx.fieldWidths <- c(18,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4)
    #    
    # Read the vote data from fwf
    #
    U <- read.fwf(file=rcx.file,widths=rcx.fieldWidths,as.is=TRUE,col.names=rcx.fields)
    dim(U)
    ncolU <- length(U[1,])   Note the "trick" I used here
    T <- U[,2:ncolU]           The 1st column of U has the color names
    #
    #
    nrow <- length(T[,1])
    ncol <- length(T[1,])
    #           Even though I have the color names in U this is more convenient
    #             because there are no leading or trailing blanks
    names <- c("434 Indigo","445 Blue","465","472 Blue-Green","490","504 Green","537",
               "555 Yellow-Green","584","600 Yellow","610","628 Orange-Yellow",
               "651 Orange","674 Red")
    #
    # pos -- a position specifier for the text. Values of 1, 2, 3 and 4, 
    # respectively indicate positions below, to the left of, above and 
    # to the right of the specified coordinates 
    #
    namepos <- rep(2,nrow)
    #
    TT <- rep(0,nrow*ncol)
    dim(TT) <- c(nrow,ncol)
    TTT <- rep(0,nrow*ncol)
    dim(TTT) <- c(nrow,ncol)
    #
    xrow <- NULL
    xcol <- NULL
    xcount <- NULL
    matrixmean <- 0
    matrixmean2 <- 0
    #
    # Transform the Matrix
    #
    i <- 0
    while (i < nrow) {
      i <- i + 1
      xcount[i] <- i
      j <- 0
      while (j < ncol) {
         j <- j + 1
    #
    #  Transform the Color "Agreement Scores" into Distances
    #
         TT[i,j] <- ((100-T[i,j])/50)**2   Note the Transformation from a 100 to 0 scale 
    #                                        to a 0 to 4 (squared distance) scale
      }
    }
    #
    #  Put it Back in T
    #
    T <- TT
    TTT <- sqrt(TT)
    #
    #
    #  Call Double Center Routine From R Program 
    #     cmdscale(....) in stats library
    #     The Input data are DISTANCES!!!  Not Squared Distances!!
    #     Note that the R routine does not divide
    #     by -2.0
    #
    ndim <- 2
    #
    dcenter <- cmdscale(TTT,ndim, eig=FALSE,add=FALSE,x.ret=TRUE)
    #
    #  returns double-center matrix as dcenter$x if x.ret=TRUE
    #
    #  Do the Division by -2.0 Here
    #
    TTT <- (dcenter$x)/(-2.0)
    #
    #
    #  Below is the old Long Method of Double-Centering
    #
    # Compute Row and Column Means
    #
    i <- 0
    while (i < nrow) {
      i <- i + 1
      xrow[i] <- mean(T[i,])
    }
    i <- 0
    while (i < ncol) {
      i <- i + 1
      xcol[i] <- mean(T[,i])
    }
    matrixmean <- mean(xcol)
    matrixmean2 <- mean(xrow)
    #
    # Double-Center the Matrix Using old Long Method
    #  Compute comparison as safety check
    #
    i <- 0
    while (i < nrow) {
      i <- i + 1
      j <- 0
      while (j < ncol) {
         j <- j + 1
         TT[i,j] <- (T[i,j]-xrow[i]-xcol[j]+matrixmean)/(-2)
      }
    }
    #  
    #  Run some checks to make sure everything is correct
    #
    xcheck <- sum(abs(TT-TTT))
    #
    #
    #  Perform Eigenvalue-Eigenvector Decomposition of Double-Centered Matrix
    #
    ev <- eigen(TT)
    #
    #  Find Point furthest from Center of Space
    #
    aaa <- sqrt(max((abs(ev$vec[,1]))**2 + (abs(ev$vec[,2]))**2))
    bbb <- sqrt(max(((ev$vec[,1]))**2 + ((ev$vec[,2]))**2))
    #
    #  Weight the Eigenvectors to Scale Space to Unit Circle
    #
    torgerson1 <- ev$vec[,1]*(1/aaa)*sqrt(ev$val[1])
    torgerson2 <- -ev$vec[,2]*(1/aaa)*sqrt(ev$val[2])
    #
    plot(torgerson1,torgerson2,type="n",asp=1,
           main="",
           xlab="",
           ylab="",
           xlim=c(-3.0,3.0),ylim=c(-3.0,3.0),font=2)
    points(torgerson1,torgerson2,pch=16,col="red",font=2)
    text(torgerson1,torgerson2,names,pos=namepos,offset=0.2,col="blue",font=2)
    #
    #
    # Main title
    mtext("The Color Circle \n Torgerson Coordinates",side=3,line=1.25,cex=1.5,font=2)
    # x-axis title
    mtext("",side=1,line=2.75,cex=1.2,font=2)
    # y-axis title
    mtext("",side=2,line=2.5,cex=1.2,font=2)
    #
    Run the program and you should see something like this:



    1. Run the program and turn in this figure.

    2. Change the values in "namepos" until you have a nice looking plot with no overlapping names and no names cut off by the margins and turn in the resulting plot. Use the offset parameter in the text command to space the names away from the points. Also flip the dimensions as appropriate so that the configuration matches the one in Borg and Goenen!

    3. Check out:

      Color Circle in Color

      Use the colors() command in R to find the corresponding colors and then use the text command to color the label for the corresponding point; e.g.,

      text(torgerson1[10],torgerson2[10],"Yellow",pos=4,col="yellow",font=2)

      You will have to override the labeling command in the double-center program to do this. Turn in the plot (hard copy in B/W and e-mail it to me so I can see it!) and the listing of your R program.

    4. Plot the eigenvalues that are stored in ev$value. The simplest plot is to use the command at the R prompt:

      plot(1:14,ev$value)

      and you will get the following really lame graph:



      Turn this into a nicer graph. To do this, check out the R code for Figure 5.4 of my book which is posted on my website at:

      Chapter 5 Page

      Turn in a final graph and a listing of the R code you use to create it.

  4. Run Tables 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, and 4.1 from Borg and Groenen through KYST. Note that all four tables are similarities so that you can use the Supreme Court example as a template. (Note that you will have to enter the diagonals for tables 1.3 and 1.4 -- 9 and 7, respectively.) For example, for Table 4.1, if you entered the data as follows:
    
     434_INDIGO        100  86  42  42  18   6   7   4   2   7   9  12  13  16
     445_BLUE           86 100  50  44  22   9   7   7   2   4   7  11  13  14
     465                42  50 100  81  47  17  10   8   2   1   2   1   5   3
     472_BLUE-GREEN     42  44  81 100  54  25  10   9   2   1   0   1   2   4
     490                18  22  47  54 100  61  31  26   7   2   2   1   2   0
     504_GREEN           6   9  17  25  61 100  62  45  14   8   2   2   2   1
     537                 7   7  10  10  31  62 100  73  22  14   5   2   2   0
     555_YELLOW-GREEN    4   7   8   9  26  45  73 100  33  19   4   3   2   2
     584                 2   2   2   2   7  14  22  33 100  58  37  27  20  23
     600_YELLOW          7   4   1   1   2   8  14  19  58 100  74  50  41  28
     610                 9   7   2   0   2   2   5   4  37  74 100  76  62  55
     628_ORANGE-YELLOW  12  11   1   1   1   2   2   3  27  50  76 100  85  68
     651_ORANGE         13  13   5   2   2   2   2   2  20  41  62  85 100  76
     674_RED            16  14   3   4   0   1   0   2  23  28  55  68  76 100
    
    then change the format statement to:

    (18X,101F4.0)

    Be sure to change the missing values parameter to a negative number because there are some zeroes in the matrix. Your KYST file should look like the following:
    
    TORSCA
    PRE-ITERATIONS=3
    DIMMAX=3,DIMMIN=1
    PRINT HISTORY,PRINT DISTANCES
    COORDINATES=ROTATE
    ITERATIONS=50
    REGRESSION=DESCENDING
    DATA,LOWERHALFMATRIX,DIAGONAL=PRESENT,CUTOFF=-.01
    EKMAN'S COLOR DATA EXAMPLE
     14  1  1
    (18X,101F4.0)
    ****the color data****
    COMPUTE
    STOP
    1. Run all tables from 3 to 1 dimensions, report the Stress values, and use R to graph the results for each table in two dimensions.

    2. Produce Shepard Diagrams for each two dimensional solution in the same format as Homework 2.